We evaluated the association comprehensively and quantitatively. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure has been explored in previous meta-analyses, but whether the association is causal in the general population is still unknown. Vitamin D supplementation is ineffective to prevent hypertension. What are the implications for public health practice? However, pooled results of RCTs showed that there was still no significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We performed an update meta-analysis of both cohort studies and RCTs in a generally heathy population and found that the dose–response relationship between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and hypertension risk was approximately L-shaped. The effects of vitamin D on hypertension risk and blood pressure have been explored widely in cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but whether the association is causal still is unknown.
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